Filter template_include
:
add_filter( 'template_include', 'prefix_translate_template' );
function prefix_translate_template( $template )
{
if ( 'category-' . __( 'news', 'your_textdomain' ) . '.php' === $template )
return 'category-news.php';
return $template;
}
But I think templates based on slugs are not a good idea in that case.