If I understand description and discussion correctly the issue seems to be using pages as nodes in structure. This is somewhat confusing since page are content entity, not structural.
I agree with suggestion that it would make sense to use taxonomies (custom or native categories) instead. That will give you:
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Clear hierarchical structure of content.
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Option to use it in links to make them more visual.
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Easier to handle structure for breadcrumbs.
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Convenient way to tweak looks and such with respective templates.