what you could do is:
1. get the list of all posts currently on the page
2. grab all the IDs of the posts
3. do the following query:
SELECT DISTINCT meta_value FROM $wpdb->postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'product_brand' AND post_id IN (3,9,10,15) ORDER BY meta_value;
where 3,9,10,15
are post ids that you’ve collected.