Nothing Found error when creating new posts – how to correct this?

Analysing the Error

WordPress database error 42000 : [Microsoft][SQL Server Native Client 10.0][SQL Server]Incorrect syntax near ‘wp_users’. for query SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE ”wp_users” made by display_setup_form, pdo_wpdb->query, pdo_wpdb->_post_query, pdo_wpdb->print_error

…reads as:

SELECT TABLE_NAME 
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES 
    WHERE TABLE_NAME 
    LIKE ''wp_users'' 

Your Problem

It seems you got constants in your query string. And those constants are simply not getting triggered.

How to do it the right way

Note: You can’t put constants inside a string. You’ll have to do:

$wpdb->query( $wpdb->prepare( "
        SELECT %s
        FROM %s
            WHERE %s
            LIKE %s
    " ),
    TABLE_NAME,
    INFORMATION_SCHEMA,
    TABLE_NAME,
    like_escape( $wpdb->users )
);

This ↑ is a) save and b) the correct way to do it.

The other missunderstanding

The following…

display_setup_form
pdo_wpdb->query
pdo_wpdb->_post_query
pdo_wpdb->print_error

…seems to come from wrong function naming.

The right way to call table names and $wpdb (WP_Query) functions:

The object $pdo_wpdb->query likely doesn’t exist. You’ll have to call the global $wpdb; at first. Then you’ll have access to a number of things, like the native query functions.

# Example:
global $wpdb;
// The prefix you set inside your wp-config.php file
echo $wpdb->prefix;
// Default tables:
print_r( $wpdb->users );
print_r( $wpdb->options );
// Custom tables:
print_r( "{wpdb->prefix}your_table_name" );