The easiest way to move your theme folder is only via constant; include the wp-content folder.
You can set a constant for the plugin folder and wp-content folder. Then is your plugins and themes in separete url, also in the include in the source of the frontend.
like this example for my dev installs:
define( 'WP_CONTENT_DIR', dirname( __FILE__ ) . '/wp-content' );
define( 'WP_CONTENT_URL', 'http://' . $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] . '/wp-content' );
// Custom plugin directory
define( 'WP_PLUGIN_DIR', dirname( __FILE__ ) . '/wp-plugins' );
define( 'WP_PLUGIN_URL', 'http://' . $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] . '/wp-plugins' );
// Custom mu plugin directory
define( 'WPMU_PLUGIN_DIR', dirname( __FILE__ ) . '/wpmu-plugins' );
define( 'WPMU_PLUGIN_URL', 'http://' . $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] . '/wpmu-plugins' );