In theory, it can. There’s lots of bots out there looking specifically for mailto links. That’s why a lot of people obfuscate those links and with some cooked up or framework javascript put it back together on click. But a very clever bot could simulate that even.
It’s a cost and benefits question. Do you really want people to be able to email you with as less steps as possible? Then accept the possibility of spam and invest in a good spam filter / provider.