Retrieve only posts from a specific user in wp-admin/edit.php

You will need to filter that list.

function alter_views_wpse_103613($views) {
  $role="blogger_simple";
  if (current_user_can($role)) {
    $views = array('mine'=>$views['mine']);
  }
  return $views;
}
add_filter( 'views_edit-post', 'alter_views_wpse_103613' );

That filter list is part of the WP_List_Table class if you want to investigate more. Look for the views method.