Using a Custom Post Type Attachment as link

you don’t want the link to the actual post then use the field link again:

<?php
$args = array( 
    'numberposts' => '5',
    'orderby' => 'post_date',
    'order' => 'DESC',
    'include' => '',
    'exclude' => '',
    'meta_key' => '',
    'meta_value' =>'',
    'post_type' => 'weekly_mktg_report',
    'post_status' => 'publish' 
);

$recent_posts = wp_get_recent_posts( $args );
echo '<ul>';  //i was not sure if you had the list start anywhere else
foreach( $recent_posts as $recent ){
    echo '<li><a href="'.get_field('report').'" target="_blank"> </li> ';
}
echo '</ul>';  //list end
wp_reset_query();  //have you considered wp_reset_postdata() and using wp_query
?>

I put some comments in the code too as there may be some errors. Not sure if this is the full code.