You would need to place a globally namespaced javascript variable in your php code where you enqueue the script to be loaded for the editor pages.
So, this code will enqueue a script function to be added to the “edit post/page” screens:
add_action('admin_head','my_add_styles_admin');
function my_add_styles_admin() {
global $current_screen;
$type = $current_screen->post_type;
if (is_admin() && $type == 'post' || $type == 'page') {
?>
<script type="text/javascript">
var post_id = '<?php global $post; echo $post->ID; ?>';
</script>
<?php
}
}
Now, in your editor_plugin.js file for your tinymce button; you can access this post ID by simply calling the post_id
javascript variable.