These classes are explained a bit more on the page for wp_list_pages. But the words ‘parent’ and ‘ancestor’ give it away already.
A parent is an ancestor. A grandparent is also an ancestor, but not a parent.
If your hierarchy is only two deep, there will only be parents and children. So in that case all parents are ancestors and the two classes have the same effect. But when your hierarchy is deeper, the two classes get different meanings.
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