What’s are some best practices for responsive images (e.g. for section headers)?

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If you set background image to some tag inline, you still able to control it with css and media queries, !important is still working =)

<div id="image" style="background:url(image.jpg);">

!important still has priority over inline style and you can use in your media queries.

#image{
    background:url(another-image.jpg) !important;
}