Try this. The code has comments where modified.
<?php
// args
$args = array(
'showposts' => 5,
'post_type' => 'post',
'orderby' => 'date',
// 'order' => 'ASC',
'meta_query' => array(
'relation' => 'OR',
array(
'key' => 'type_id',
'value' => 'News',
'compare' => 'LIKE'
),
)
);
// query
$the_query = new WP_Query( $args );
?>
<?php if( $the_query->have_posts() ):
$i = 0;
while ($the_query->have_posts() ) :
$the_query->the_post();
// First post
if ( $i == 0 ) : ?>
<div class="card mb-3">
<a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/337076/<?php the_permalink(); ?>" ><img src="<?php the_post_thumbnail_url() ?>" class="card-img-top"></a>
<div class="card-body">
<h2 class="card-title"><a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/337076/<?php the_permalink(); ?>" title="<?php the_title(); ?>"><?php the_title(); ?></a></h2>
<p class="card-text"><small class="text-muted"><?php the_time('F jS, Y'); ?></small></p>
<p class="card-text"><?php the_excerpt(); ?></p>
</div>
</div> <!-- Add this to close div with class card mb-3 -->
<?php endif;
// Other posts
if ( $i != 0 ) :
?>
<div class="secoundposttak">
<?php //endif; <-- Not needed, move it below (before $i++ ) ?>
<a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/337076/<?php the_permalink(); ?>">
<img src="<?php the_field('thumbnail'); ?>" />
<?php the_title(); ?>
</a>
</div>
<?php endif; // <-- Add this for if ( $i != 0 ) : ?>
<?php
$i++;
endwhile;
endif; ?>
<?php wp_reset_query(); // Restore global post data stomped by the_post(). ?>
Also pay attention to suggestion at the end of answer by @Krzysiek Dróżdż♦ . I hope this may help.