I found your post by looking for a fix similar, I have haproxy set up and I’m trying to install wordpress on a backend server as well.
I found this page: https://www.wpbeginner.com/plugins/how-to-fix-the-mixed-content-error-in-wordpress-step-by-step/ that details some HTTPS settings you can change in the wordpress settings that should fix it.
For haproxy looking at your config you probly want the SSL detection method to be that X_FORWARDED_FOR_PROTO option. I’m not sure which option will work best for the SSL Insecure Content Fixer, but I’d start with Simple and work your way up.
For myself, once I get it reinstalled I’ll probably go to the root of the wordpress site, then do a grep of http:// and replace it with https:// using sed. I can’t vouch for that method, and it also won’t apply to any plugins or themes, unless you redo this method again after you install it.