Bulk post approval and publishing doesn’t work

The problem I can immediately see is, you’ve set:

'post_status' => 'published'

This should be:

'post_status' => 'publish'

Also, since you are only updating the post status, it’s less error prone and more appropriate to use wp_publish_post function instead of wp_update_post function.

With this change, your karma_approve_all_posts() function will look like this:

function karma_approve_all_posts( $posts ) {
    if( count( $posts ) > 0 ) {
        foreach ( $posts as $post ) {
            update_post_meta( $post->ID, 'approve', 'approved' );
            wp_publish_post( $post->ID );
        }
    }
    ?>
    <div id="message" class="updated notice is-dismissible">
        <p>All posts have been approved and published.</p>
    </div>
    <?php
}