Changing the meta_query of the main query based on custom query_vars and using pre_get_posts

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Instead of trying to display all the matching events on your by-date page, you could try to display through ?post_type=event like this:

function rewrite_rule_by_date() {
    add_rewrite_rule('by\-date/([0-9]{4}\-[0-9]{2}\-[0-9]{2})$', 'index.php?post_type=event&event_date=$matches[1]', 'top');
}
add_action( 'init', 'rewrite_rule_by_date' );

function query_var_by_date() {
    add_rewrite_tag( '%event_date%', '([0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2})');
}
add_action( 'init', 'query_var_by_date' );

function custom_event_query( $query ) {
    if ( get_query_var( 'event_date' ) && is_main_query() ) {
        $query->set( 'post_type', 'event' );
        $query->set( 'post_status', 'publish' );
        $query->set( 'meta_key', '_event_scheduled_date' );
        $query->set( 'orderby', 'meta_value' );
        $query->set( 'order', 'ASC' );
        $query->set( 'post_per_page', -1 );

        $meta_query = array(
            array(
                'key' => '_event_scheduled_date',
                'value' => get_query_var( 'event_date' ),
                'type' => 'DATE',
                'compare' => '='
            )
        );

        $query->set( 'meta_query', $meta_query );
    }

    return $query;
}
add_filter( 'pre_get_posts', 'custom_event_query' );

This works on my WordPress 3.5.1 install with the default Twenty Twelve theme, with url like this one:

http://example.com/by-date/2013-04-04/

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