Comparisson between date() and a date from wp_postmeta

In the meta_query arguments, try changing your

 'type'      => 'CHAR',

to

 'type'      => 'DATETIME',

You can opt for any one of these, depending your needs:

type (string) – Custom field type. Possible values are ‘NUMERIC’,
‘BINARY’, ‘CHAR’, ‘DATE’, ‘DATETIME’, ‘DECIMAL’, ‘SIGNED’, ‘TIME’,
‘UNSIGNED’. Default value is ‘CHAR’.

But wait! There’s more! 😉

It seems that The Events Calendar hooks into queries that involve 'post_type' => 'tribe_events'!

You’ll need to add either

'eventDisplay' => 'past',

or

'eventDisplay' => 'all',

to your arguments.

..or, you can also go with

$my_past_events = tribe_get_events(
    array(
        'posts_per_page'=>999,
        'eventDisplay'=>'past',
    )
);

and loop through $my_past_events.