Create a custom plugin with dynamic child pages listing database records

A basic implementation could go like this:

Setup public query variables

This lets you fetch these later through get_query_var()

add_filter( 'query_vars', function( $vars ) {
    $vars[] = 'team_category';
    $vars[] = 'team_id';
    
    return $vars;
} );

Add a rewrite rule

This is responsible for turning a url like /team/allstars/999 into a format WordPress can handle. Make sure to replace your_page_id with the actual ID of your teams page.

add_action( 'init', function() {
    add_rewrite_rule( '^teams/([^/]*)/([^/]*)/?', 'index.php?page_id=your_page_id&team_category=$matches[1]&team_id=$matches[2]', 'top' );
} );

Add your shortcode

Just an example of grabbing and outputting your query variables.

add_shortcode( 'teams', function() {
    $team_category = get_query_var( 'team_category' );
    $team_id = get_query_var( 'team_id' );
    
    return "{$team_category}: {$team_id}";
} );

Heads up: when tinkering with rewrite rules, make sure to trigger a permalink refresh by clicking Save Changes in your SettingsPermalinks screen (without making any changes, even).