Custom admin post.php page

I suggest you just don’t use the standard post editing UI. When you register your post type, there’s an arg for showing the admin UI.

<?php
register_post_type(
    'some_type',
     array(
       // stuff here
       'show_ui' => false
     )
);

Then just create your own admin page and do whatever you need to do with the interface. Here’s a skeleton example.

<?php
add_action( 'admin_init', 'wpse33382_add_page' );
function wpse33382_add_page()
{
    $page = add_menu_page(
        __( 'Some Title' ),
        __( 'Menu Title' ),
        'edit_others_posts',
        'some-slug',
        'wpse33382_page_cb',
    );

    add_action( 'admin_print_scripts-' . $page, 'wpse33382_scripts' );
    add_action( 'admin_print_styles-' . $page, 'wpse33382_styles' );
}

function wpse33382_page_cb()
{
    // code for the page itself here
    ?>
        <form method="post" action="">
            <input type="hidden" name="action" value="do_stuff" />
            <?php wp_nonce_field( 'wpse33382_nonce', '_nonce' ); ?>
        </form>

    <?php
    // catch POST submissions here, then call wp_insert_post
    if( isset( $_POST['action'] ) && 'do_stuff' == $_POST['action'] )
    {
        // verify nonces/referrers here, then save stuff
    }
}

function wpse33382_scripts()
{
    // wp_enqueue_script here
}

function wpse33382_styles()
{
    // wp_enqueue_style here
}

The other option would be adding whatever custom meta boxes you need to your standard editing screen.