When you’re viewing a Custom Post Type Archive, your archive-documents.php template will be used. In your case this is the URL /documents/.
When you’re viewing a taxonomy term, you’re viewing a Custom Taxonomy Archive, not a Custom Post Type Archive. If you haven’t created one specific to your taxonomy, then archive.php (or index.php, if archive.php doesn’t exist) will be used.
You want to create a template named taxonomy-types.php to display the posts in your custom taxonomy.
See the Template Hierarchy for more info.