Your permalink as given is domain.com/curriculum-area/equality but you registered your taxonomy as Curriculum Area.
For domain.com/curriculum-area/equality to work, change Curriculum Area in:
register_taxonomy( 'Curriculum Area', 'course', $args_curriculum_area_taxonomy );
to be:
register_taxonomy( 'curriculum-area', 'course', $args_curriculum_area_taxonomy );
Also change this line 'taxonomies' => array( 'curriculum_area' ), to 'taxonomies' => array( 'curriculum-area' ),
I forgot to say, remember to flush your permalinks after these changes! (By going to the Permalinks settings page and just press Save).