Does wordpress have something like content-type?

Yes there are lot of ways you can achieve this by using plugin or pragmatically

This Plugin will create custom content types as well as custom fields for specific content type:
https://wordpress.org/plugins/wck-custom-fields-and-custom-post-types-creator/

However you can also do this via pragmatically:
http://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/a-guide-to-wordpress-custom-post-types-creation-display-and-meta-boxes–wp-27645

You can also check these functions from WordPress Codex which can be helpfull for custom content types and custom fields:

1. register_post_type This function will add content type for you.
2. add_meta_box This function can be use for adding multiple
   fields for specific content types.
3. save_post This function can be used for saving custom fields in
   database.