The only way to do it is using a query filter I think
function wpse156319_posts_where( $where, $query ) {
global $wpdb;
$where .= $wpdb->prepare( ' AND (' . $wpdb->posts . '.post_parent = %s OR ' . $wpdb->posts . '.post_author = %s)', $_POST['id'], get_current_user_id() );
return $where;
}
which you just add in the ajax_query_attachments_args
instead of doing anything else
function filterMediaLibrary($query = array()) {
add_filter( 'posts_where', 'wpse156319_posts_where', 10, 2 );
return $query;
}
Seeing as it’s a one-off ajax query it shouldn’t need removing.