Hide/disable sidebar using shortcode?

Use this code to echo your div’s ID

<?php $sidebar_layout = get_post_meta($post->ID, 'sidebar-layout', $single = true); ?>
<div id="<?php echo $sidebar_layout ?>">
    <div class="content">
         ...
    </div>
    <div class="sidebar">
    ...
    </div>
</div>

If you want to apply styles according to the selection the user has made then change your style sheet as follows:

#left .content{ ... }
#left .sidebar{ ... }
#right .content{ ... }
#right .sidebar{ ... }
#none .content{ ... }
#none .sidebar{ ... }

I hope this helps.