How can I get a get a list of customers from a list of email addresses?

You need to implement the loop for all the emails you have in your database.
then for each you can use below code:

$exists = email_exists($email);
if ( $exists )
echo "That E-mail is registered to user number ";
else
echo "That E-mail doesn't belong to any registered users on this site";

If you are facing issue please share more details on your question