There is the hook manage_${post_type}_posts_columns
which can be used to do just that.
Basic example:
function wpse188743_events_cpt_columns( $columns ) {
$new_columns = array(
'event_date' => __( 'Event Date', 'textdomain' ),
);
return array_merge( $columns, $new_columns );
}
add_filter( 'manage_events_posts_columns' , 'wpse188743_events_cpt_columns' );
To fill the column with the related content you additionally have to make use of the manage_posts_custom_column
hook.
Basic example:
function wpse188743_event_column_data( $column, $post_id ) {
switch ( $column ) {
case 'event_date' :
echo 'event date logic goes here';
break;
}
}
add_action( 'manage_posts_custom_column' , 'wpse188743_event_column_data', 10, 2 );