How to apply style_loader_src filter with exclusion of a specific file?

The last value of add_filter sets how many arguments are passed to your function.
You can pass two arguments like this:

add_filter( 'script_loader_src', '_remove_q_strings', 15, 2 );
add_filter( 'style_loader_src', '_remove_q_strings', 15, 2 );

More details in the codex