get_post_meta is your friend:
if ( has_post_thumbnail() ) {
if ( 'yes' == get_post_meta( $post->ID, 'NFSWEG', true ) ) {
echo '<img src="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/82422/YOUR-IMAGE-HERE">';
} else {
the_post_thumbnail(
array( 400, 400, true ),
array( "class" => "aligncenter featured_image" )
);
}
}