Is there a filter to remove or replace the post title’s link in the admin post table view (edit.php)?

I would try something like below. Since current_user_can is called right before displaying the link, we have to hook where capabilities are checked.

function wpse200630_has_cap_check( $allcaps, $caps, $args, $user ){
     if( function_exists( 'get_current_screen' ) ){
        $screen = get_current_screen();
        if( $screen->base == 'edit'  && $screen->post_type == 'my_post_type'){
            if ( 'edit_post' == $args[0] || 'delete_post' == $args[0] ) {
                if( !empty( $args[2] ) && $args[2] == ID_TO_DISABLE )
                    return array();
            }
        }
    }
    return $allcaps ;
} 
add_filter( 'user_has_cap', 'wpse200630_has_cap_check', 10, 3 );