Is there a list somewhere of what each of these WordPress related javascripts do?
There is no comprehensive list that does this, and many of those items would not appear on it as they’re not WordPress internal files or may be required by non-WordPress files to function. Those files may be built to require them even if they don’t always use their contents.
Or is there a tool that will tell me which ones are unneeded on my site?
I believe you’ve already used that tool and it told you there was lots of unused javascript. Keep in mind that just because it was unused, doesn’t mean it isn’t in use. A person who has only ever seen a bedroom may consider a bath or shower an unused and unnecessary item in a house by this logic.
I would do trial and error but that always backfires.
This is the only method available to you that can give you certainty.
Fundamentally, the real question is why you have so many javascript files being loaded in the first place. Using this plugin to block them being loaded is a patch/workaround at best that doesn’t address the root problem or poorly built plugins/themes or too many plugins on your site. Assuming there was a problem at all, not all tools provide useful answers, many can make misleading recommendations based on out of date practices or missing context.
Also, there is no guarantee that the list in your screenshot is a list of files that are being loaded. This looks like a full list of everything WordPress has, even the things that are only loaded in WP-Admin. Many of those toggles will make zero difference to your frontend performance as they were never loaded to begin with.