Permalinks for single-[custom-post-types] not working

Try this loop. you need to use the template tag the_permalink() to get the link to the single items.

As well as using the WP_Query class to grab the posts you want. The current query below will get the latest 10 published procedimentos posts. If you want to change the amount of posts or anything like that you can see the argument to use for WP_Query() here .

$procedimentos_posts = new WP_Query( array(
    'post_type' => 'procedimentos',
    'post_status' => 'publish'
));
if($procedimentos_posts->have_posts()) :
    while($procedimentos_posts->have_posts()) : $procedimentos_posts->the_post();
        echo '<a href="' . get_the_permalink() . '">' . get_the_title() . '</a>';
        the_content();
    endwhile;
endif;
wp_reset_postdata();