Yes you can, you can easily just ask for a user name and/or email or text/email them their OTP(one time password).
This is becoming more popular on mobile apps that ask for just a phone number and text a code to enter for authentication.
Examples
https://auth0.com/blog/how-passwordless-authentication-works/
https://www.okta.com/security-blog/2018/04/is-passwordless-authentication-actually-secure/
For wordpress auth there are plugins already.
https://wordpress.org/plugins/passwordless-login/
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