Run shortcode before filters

You can filter the array $no_texturize_shortcodes, which is a collection of shortcodes that are excluded from wptexturize. If you do this, everything within [codigo] shortcode tags will not be texturized:

add_filter( 'no_texturize_shortcodes', 'no_texturize_codigo_shortcode' );

function no_texturize_codigo_shortcode( $excluded_shortcodes ) {
    $excluded_shortcodes[] = 'codigo';
    return $excluded_shortcodes;
}