Woocommerce follows WordPress’s native template hierarchy system.
To create a template file to be used for a specific category, use this file naming scheme:
taxonomy-{taxonomy}-{term}.php
So, for Woocomerce categories, this will be:
taxonomy-product_cat-{category_name}.php
You can create one of those files for each category that you want to have a different appearance from the default category.
You need to put your custom Woocommerce templates in your_theme_directory/woocommerce.
Note – the above method to your question will mean ‘hardcoding’ (the category names will be attached to the file names), but as long as the person who will be creating new categories is always also a developer who can create the extra files, then no problem.