Show Featured Image Dimensions and size frontend with shortcode

Yes, that is possible. Building upon the answer Nicolai Grossherr gave to Get the size (size in Kb or MB) of an featured image? you could do something like this,

// e.g. in functions.php
add_shortcode( 'my_image_metadata', 'my_image_metadata_callback' );
function my_image_metadata_callback($atts) {
  $img_meta = wp_get_attachment_metadata( get_post_thumbnail_id() );
  if ( ! $img_meta ) {
    return;
  }

  $upload_dir = wp_upload_dir();
  $bytes = filesize(
    $upload_dir[ 'basedir' ] . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $img_meta[ 'file' ]
  );
  if ( ! $bytes ) {
    return;
  }

  $file_size = size_format( $bytes );

  return sprintf(
    '<span>
      <span class="dimensions">%d x %d px</span>
      <span class="filesize">%s</span>
    </span>',
    $img_meta['width'],
    $img_meta['height'],
    $file_size ?: ''
  );
}