Here are two possible solutions, both of these are actually generic MySQL version control tools but can be adapted to your workflow:
This tool creates “migrations”, which are basically SQL scripts, from the changes detected on the database. These scripts are stored in a local directory and thus can be commited to your current VCS (git, for example).
It’s used through a PHP web interface.
Fundamentally similar to the previous tool, this is based on a command line interface. It’s configured through a json file. The main difference is that it doesn’t auto-generate the migration files.
There’s a pending issue to integrate this with the previous similar, so that’s something to look for.
WordPress Plugins
Some plugins that could aid in the creation of a repeatable workflow:
- VersionPress (still in early development at this date)
- WP Migrate DB (there is a pro version)
- WP Synch DB (a fork of the previous project with some of the pro features included)