I’ll refer you to the excellent template hierarchy diagram from the Codex, which explains how template files are chosen:
That explains the “which page” aspect of your question, but you also mentioned modifying CSS based on content. The body_class() function should be a part of your template, and it will apply a number of classes to the <body> tag which allow you to target CSS at specific types of content. For example, given a category “spooky,” this CSS rule would give all “spooky” pages a black background:
.category-spooky { background-color: #000; }
Many other variations exist, for other types of targeting.
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