It appears that it’s eventually used as a parameter to wp_constrain_dimensions
where ‘0’ means ‘no limit’.
It’s only used directly in media.php:85
} elseif ( 'medium_large' === $size ) {
$max_width = intval( get_option( 'medium_large_size_w' ) );
$max_height = intval( get_option( 'medium_large_size_h' ) );
if ( intval( $content_width ) > 0 ) {
$max_width = min( intval( $content_width ), $max_width );
}
$max_height then used at :135
return wp_constrain_dimensions( $width, $height, $max_width, $max_height );
Docs here show 0 means no limit