Can the index.asset.php file be used with the enqueue_block_editor_assets action?

Yes you can use the index.asset.php file in the ‘enqueue_block_editor_assets’ action. I guess you missed to npm install the dependencies you want to use and import them in your script. That’s how @wordpress/scripts generates your asset.php file. If you do not import the dependencies in your JavaScript files the dependency management of asset.php wont work.

For example:

npm install @wordpress/api-fetch --save

In your script:

import apiFetch from '@wordpress/api-fetch;