Change the destination of the URLs in post.php

The post title and inline “Edit” links in the posts list table at wp-admin/edit.php uses get_edit_post_link() which applies a filter hook also named get_edit_post_link, so if (I correctly understood that) you want to modify those links (URL), you can use that filter. E.g.

// Note: The callback will run anywhere, not just at wp-admin/edit.php
add_filter( 'get_edit_post_link', 'my_filter_edit_post_link', 10, 2 );
function my_filter_edit_post_link( $link, $post_id ) {
    $url = get_post_meta( $post_id, 'custom_URL', true );

    // it's all up to you on what params to add to the custom URL
    return $url ? add_query_arg( 'post', $post_id, $url ) : $link;
}