Filter existing hook using parameter and foreach loop

As per the suggestion of Milo who pointed me to the right direction, this problem has now been resolved.

All I had to do was this…

add_action( 'init', 'get_custom_tax' );
function get_custom_tax() {
  $args = array(
    'public'   => true,
    '_builtin' => false   
  ); 
  $taxonomies = get_taxonomies( $args, 'names', 'and' );    
  foreach($taxonomies as $key => $taxonomy) {
      $filter = "manage_edit-{$taxonomy}_columns";
      add_filter( $filter, 'add_shortlink_column', 50, 1 );     
  } 
}