How to filter get previous post function by meta value DESC and post date DESC?

You should just do a new full query for all posts (not just featured ones), and set the orderby to meta_value and just check when doing the loop, if that post meta value is yes, and output the featured template, otherwise output standard one.

https://codex.wordpress.org/Class_Reference/WP_Query#Order_.26_Orderby_Parameters

UPDATE:
Maybe something like this:

$args = array(
    'posts_per_page'    => - 1,
    'meta_key'          => 'meta-checkbox',
    'orderby'           => array( 'meta_value' => 'DESC', 'date'  =>  'DESC')

);

$posts = new WP_Query( $args );

if($posts->have_posts() ){

    while( $posts->have_posts() ){

        $posts->the_post();

        // Set to content template by default
        $template="content";

        // Change template to featured when `is_featured` meta has a value
        if(get_post_meta(get_the_ID(), 'meta-checkbox', true )){
            $template="featured";
        }

        // Load template part
        get_template_part( $template, get_post_format() );

    }
}

You will notice I changed the meta key to is_featured .. it’s good practice to use underscores instead of hyphens.

To get the value for meta on the post, just use the $post object which has a __get PHP magic method which will return post meta if it exists.

http://php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.overloading.php#object.get

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