How can I display other user avatars on an author profile page?

Have you tried to specify the $userID parameter of get_the_author_meta(), like shown below:

echo get_avatar(get_the_author_meta( 'ID', $post->post_author ), 150);

This uses the post_author key from your secondary query, which has the ID as value, that said you should be able to shorten your code to:

echo get_avatar( $post->post_author, 150);