How can I modify page content in the admin panel?

In wp-admin/edit.php at line 189 you can see that the title text is grabbed from the labels of the post type:

<h2><?php echo esc_html( $post_type_object->labels->name ); ?> ... </h2>

When you register a new post type (register_post_type) you can also define its labels. The available labels are listed in the Codex.

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