How can you change default color scheme in a Twenty Fifteen child theme?

I would expect that if you add a new filter with a higher priority it gets added to the existing color schemes:

add_filter( 'twentyfifteen_color_schemes', 'wpse193782_custom_color_schemes', 99 );
function wpse193782_custom_color_schemes( $schemes ) {
    $schemes['default'] = array(
        'label'  => __( 'Colors by Kat', 'twentyfifteen' ),
        'colors' => array(
            '#f1f1f1',
            '#C32148',
            '#ffffff',
            '#333333',
            '#333333',
            '#f7f7f7',
        ),
    );
    return $schemes;
}

Edited my answer.
By (re)naming the scheme ['default'] your own color scheme replaces the default color scheme.