Child theme customizer preview doesn’t work/load

The issue appears to be that you’re not declaring your theme as a child theme correctly. To be a child theme the theme must declare its Template: in the comment block at the top of style.css, not Child Theme Template.

Not declaring your theme as a child theme correctly means that WordPress isn’t falling back to the parent theme’s templates. So if you don’t have an index.php file in your child theme, nothing will load.

So your child theme style.css should look like this:

/*
 Theme Name:  X Child Theme
 Description: 
 Author:      Y
 Template:    astra
*/

Also note the comment block is indicated by /* and */. They’re not in your question, so I don’t know if you’re actually using them, but if you aren’t, you need to. They’re required.