How do I position meta_box on post edit screen after the title?

You cannot use a real metabox to do that, hook into edit_form_after_title instead.

Here is a simple example:

add_action( 'edit_form_after_title', 'wpse_87478_pseudo_metabox' );
add_action( 'save_post', 'wpse_87478_save_metabox' );

function wpse_87478_pseudo_metabox()
{
    global $post;
    $key = '_wpse_87478';

    if ( empty ( $post ) || 'post' !== get_post_type( $GLOBALS['post'] ) )
        return;

    if ( ! $content = get_post_meta( $post->ID, $key, TRUE ) )
        $content="";

    printf(
        '<p><label for="%1$s_id">Enter some text
        <input type="text" name="%1$s" id="%1$s_id" value="%2$s" class="all-options" />
        </label></p>',
        $key,
        esc_attr( $content )
    );
}

function wpse_87478_save_metabox( $post_id )
{
    if ( defined( 'DOING_AUTOSAVE' ) && DOING_AUTOSAVE )
        return;

    if ( ! current_user_can( 'edit_post', $post_id ) )
        return;

    $key = '_wpse_87478';

    if ( isset ( $_POST[ $key ] ) )
        return update_post_meta( $post_id, $key, $_POST[ $key ] );

    delete_post_meta( $post_id, $key );
}