You can use post type conditional tag:
if ( 'post' == get_post_type() )
Complete:
function excerpt_count_js(){
if ( 'post' == get_post_type() ) {
echo '<script>jQuery(document).ready(function(){
jQuery("#postexcerpt .handlediv").after("<div style=\"position:absolute;top:0px;right:5px;color:#666;\"><small>Character limit = 150. Current characters: </small><input type=\"text\" value=\"0\" maxlength=\"3\" size=\"3\" id=\"excerpt_counter\" readonly=\"\" style=\"background:#fff;\"> </div>");
jQuery("#excerpt_counter").val(jQuery("#excerpt").val().length);
jQuery("#excerpt").keyup( function() {
jQuery("#excerpt_counter").val(jQuery("#excerpt").val().length);
});
});</script>';
}
return;
}
add_action( 'admin_head-post.php', 'excerpt_count_js');
add_action( 'admin_head-post-new.php', 'excerpt_count_js');