How to apply filter inside a single wp_query?

You should consider using the posts_per_page parameter as suggested by @Tamil.

But in general you can also remove the filters you add.

In your case you could remove it after your WP_Query() with

add_filter( 'post_limits', 'my_post_limits' );
$slider_query = new WP_Query( $args )
remove_filter( 'post_limits', 'my_post_limits' );

so it won’t affect later queries.

You can read more about it here in the Codex:
http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/remove_filter

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