How to make a page as default page for a theme without a plugin?

this is done without any code, in the dashboard using the template presented or any other and has no need for the function added to functions.php.
try this steps:

  • Pages > add new: create new page with any name adding the title and publish;
  • Pages > all pages > quick-edit(on the page created): on templates choose the page template of choice, for example “front-page” and update;
  • Appearance > customize > homepage settings: on the ”
    Your homepage displays” choose “a static page”, on “home page” choose your page created that now displays your template and update.

this should set your home page.