List all image sizes still getting disabled sizes

Have a look into the get_intermediate_image_sizes function code solves your question:

/**
 * Gets the available intermediate image sizes.
 *
 * @since 3.0.0
 *
 * @global array $_wp_additional_image_sizes
 *
 * @return array Returns a filtered array of image size strings.
 */
function get_intermediate_image_sizes() {
  global $_wp_additional_image_sizes;
  $image_sizes = array('thumbnail', 'medium', 'medium_large', 'large'); // Standard sizes
  if ( isset( $_wp_additional_image_sizes ) && count( $_wp_additional_image_sizes ) )
    $image_sizes = array_merge( $image_sizes, array_keys( $_wp_additional_image_sizes ) );

  /**
   * Filter the list of intermediate image sizes.
   *
   * @since 2.5.0
   *
   * @param array $image_sizes An array of intermediate image sizes. Defaults
   *                           are 'thumbnail', 'medium', 'medium_large', 'large'.
   */
  return apply_filters( 'intermediate_image_sizes', $image_sizes );
}

As you can see, your applied filter isn’t called in the function. Instead your filter is called in wp_generate_attachment_metadata(). So if you want to filter the sizes for the creation and the listing, you could add another filter to do so.

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